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{{Update|Major rewrite needed due to December 2021, Version 19.11 major changes to mining mechanics.<br>Need ore info about the border/A0 ores [[#Cosmic Anomalies]].}}

{{Industry Links}}
{{hatnote|This page details the mechanics of mining ore. For a step-by-step beginner guide, see [[Mining Primer for Complete Beginners]]. For details about harvesting ice or gas, see [[Ice harvesting]] or [[Gas cloud harvesting]], respectively.}}
'''Mining''' is the activity of extracting ore from [[asteroids]], though it is also used to describe [[ice harvesting]] and more rarely, [[gas cloud harvesting]]. Once extracted, ore can then be [[Refining|refined]] into minerals. These refined substances are used in the production and maintenance of all player-created items and structures in EVE, such as ships and modules. It is one of the few professions immediately available to beginning players and many industrialists started their careers by mining. Mining is considered a very economically safe profession, as minerals are always in demand. Mining requires specialized modules or drones, and [[ORE Basic Ship and Skill Overview|specialized mining ships]] also exist.

== As a profession ==
[[Image:Miningexample.jpg|thumb|500px|It ain't no trick to get rich quick<br>
If you dig with a shovel or a pick<br>
In a mine, where a million diamonds shine.]]

'''Advantages'''
* '''Low entry cost''': The {{sh|Venture}} mining frigate is provided for free as a mission reward from the [[career agent]] missions [[Industrialist (Entrepreneur)#Balancing the Books (2 of 10)|Balancing the Books (2 of 10)]] and [[Industrialist (Producer)#Making Mountains of Molehills (2 of 10)|Making Mountains of Molehills (2 of 10)]].
* '''Relatively low risk''': It is usually very safe to mine in high-sec (the principal dangers being suicide gankers or war targets).
* '''Low level of involvement needed''': In most scenarios, miners only need to be active 5 seconds for every 3 minutes (to target new asteroids) and an extra 1 minute for every 30 minutes (to unload the full cargo of mined ore in station).
* '''Guaranteed income''': Mining products are always in high demand because ships and structures are constantly being destroyed and replaced, and replacing ships and structures requires materials. Mining in fleets with boosts can earn 15-20 million ISK per hour or more, depending on the resources being harvested.
* '''Fun factor''': Mining in fleets is often a very social activity.


'''Disadvantages'''
* '''Skill intensive''': Despite the low entry cost, it takes a lot of training time to become an efficient miner.
* '''Non-transferable skills''': Mining skills are useful only for mining.
* '''Fun factor''': Solo mining, in particular, can be less than exciting. Mining fleets can provide conversation with other players in comms, but there usually isn't much going on otherwise.
* '''Income ceiling''': It is difficult to earn much more than 10 million ISK per hour mining solo in highsec. While it's possible to earn more money mining in lower-security systems (at higher risk), other professions can be much more lucrative.

== Ore locations ==

=== Asteroids and belts ===
{{main|Asteroids and ore}}
As their name suggests, asteroids are primarily found in asteroid belts, and most systems in [[New Eden]] have at least one. Asteroid belts can be viewed in the [[overview]] when enabled, and can also be viewed via the contextual menu by right-clicking in space. Each asteroid belt is composed of a variety of asteroids, each containing a particular type of ore noted in asteroid's name. The types and quantities of ore are determined by the [[system security]] rating of the system and which [[Topology|quadrant]] it is located in. Rarer and more valuable ores are found in lower-security systems, and ore deposits tend to be larger there as well. Once depleted, asteroid belts do not respawn until [[server downtime]], so belts may sometimes be found empty, or lacking a certain type of ore.

* High-sec belts contain ''simple ores'' (Veldspar, Scordite, Pyroxeres and Plagioclase).
* Low-sec belts contain ''coherent ores'' (Omber, Kernite, Jaspet, Hemorphite and Hedbergite) and additionaly Pyroxeres.
* Null-sec belts contain ''complex ores'' (Bistot, Arkonor and Spodumain), special ore [[Mining#Mercoxit_mining|Mercoxit]] and additionally Kernite, Pyroxeres and Veldspar.
* Triglavian space belts contain ''abyssal ores'' (Bezdnacine, Rakovene and Talassonite).
* Wormhole belts contain Arkonor, Bistot, Gneiss, Kernite, Omber, and Pyroxeres.

=== Mission pockets ===
Asteroids can also be found in the deadspace pockets created for [[Mission mining|certain missions]]. While these sites are a bit more difficult to find, they also tend to have no competition giving richer pickings and provide relative safety.

=== Cosmic Anomalies ===
Asteroids can also be found in certain [[Cosmic Anomaly|cosmic anomalies]]. Generally the type of ore matches the regular ore from the asteroid belts in this area of [[New Eden]] but there is an important exception referred to by players as border/A0 ores. These ores provide a high amount of a singular resource.

Border/A0 ores are {{Co|wheat|Ducinium}}(Megacyte), {{Co|wheat|Eifyrium}}(Zydrine), {{Co|wheat|Mordunium}}(Pyerite) and {{Co|wheat|Ytirium}}(Isogen). They are found in special cosmic anomalies that infrequently spawn.

==== Rare asteroid sites ====
[[File:Opportunities - Empire Border Rare Asteroids.png|thumb|Opportunities tile]]
All sites spawn a beacon upon the first ship initiating warp to it which anyone can warp to.

* [[Empire Border Rare Asteroids]] Spawns in high-sec {{ColorSecurityRating|0.5}} <ref>Patch notes: [https://www.eveonline.com/news/view/patch-notes-version-20-11 Version 20-11] release 2022-12-13.1 > Features & Changes > Science & Industry.</ref> systems bordering a low-sec system. Contains asteroids with {{Co|wheat|Ducinium}}, {{Co|wheat|Eifyrium}}, Jet Ochre, Pellucid Crokite and {{Co|wheat|Ytirium}}.

* [[Nullsec Border Rare Asteroids]] Spawns in null-sec systems bordering a low-sec system. Contains asteroids with {{Co|wheat|Imperial Ducinium}}, {{Co|wheat|Augmented Eifyrium}}, {{Co|wheat|Mordunium}}, Pellucid Crokite and {{Co|wheat|Moonshine Ytirium}}.

* [[Nullsec Blue A0 Rare Asteroids]] Spawns in Blue A0 star systems in null-sec space {{Verify}}. Contains asteroids with {{Co|wheat|Imperial Ducinium}}, {{Co|wheat|Augmented Eifyrium}}, Jet Ochre, {{Co|wheat|Plunder Mordunium}} and {{Co|wheat|Moonshine Ytirium}}.

* [[W-Space Blue A0 Rare Asteroids|Wormhole Rare Asteroids]] Spawns in (Blue A0 star systems) in wormhole space.

=== Moon mining ===
{{Main|Moon mining}}
Moon mining can take place only at [[Upwell structures#Refineries|refineries]] anchored within 250 km of a mining beacon in 0.5 space or below and fitted with a Standup Moon Drill I service module, which appears on the outside of the structure as a giant laser turret aimed at the moon.
The Moon Drill is then used to extract a chunk of the moon for mining.
The extraction process is beyond the scope of this article, but once the chunk has been extracted, it exists as an asteroid field that contains moon-specific ores which can be mined for moon materials.
After extraction, the mining is performed using the same mining equipment and processes described in this article, with the exception of Tier 2 strip miners and modulated mining lasers requiring moon ore-specific crystals for good efficiency.

=== Mining missions ===
{{Main|Mining missions}}
Mining missions are given by Mining agents and require you to mine an asteroid or set of asteroids in a mission pocket — usually until the asteroids are depleted — and bring the ore back to the agent. They use unique mission ores which are separate versions of normal ores.

== Mining mechanics ==

=== Mechanics ===
The basic mechanics of mining are very simple: Fit your ship with a [[ORE Basic Ship and Skill Overview#Fitting strategies and mining modules|mining module]], approach and [[targeting|target]] an asteroid, and activate your mining module. At the ''end'' of each cycle (usually between 1 and 3 minutes, depending on the module used), the ore mined is automatically deposited in your ship's cargo or mining hold. The mining module will then automatically continue mining until either your cargo/mining hold is full, or the asteroid has been "mined out" (all the available ore in that asteroid has been mined and it disappears). Make sure that you keep the asteroid within range of your mining module (usually by stopping your ship, or orbiting the asteroid) - if you are too far away, the mining module will finish its current cycle regardless, but you will receive no ore.

If you're using [[Drones#Mining Drones|mining drones]], launch your drones once you are near the asteroid, and give them the command to "mine repeatedly". They will then fly to the asteroid you have targeted, mine for one cycle (60 seconds), fly back to your ship, deposit the ore they have mined in your cargo or mining hold, then automatically fly back to the asteroid and continue mining it (until, as above, either your cargo/mining hold is full, or the asteroid has depleted because it no longer contains any ore). Since the drones have to fly back and forth repeatedly between your ship and the asteroid, it's worth flying as close as possible to the asteroid to keep their travel time down to a minimum.

Once your cargo or mining hold is full, bring the ore you have mined to a station (either fly there yourself or transfer the ore to another player's ship to fly back (see [[Mining#Solo mining|solo mining]] and [[Mining#Cooperative mining|cooperative mining]] for more details)), then return to the asteroids and continue mining!

=== Efficiency computations ===
{{main|Mining yield}}
All computations with income from mining are typically done in (ISK per m<sup>3</sup>). The reason for this is that all mining modules mine a certain volume of ore/ice/gas in a given time. For example, a beginner miner in a Venture with, say, 200m<sup>3</sup>/min yield would mine 2000 units of Veldspar per minute, as volume of 1 unit is 0.1m<sup>3</sup>, or, for example, 100 units of Jaspet per minute, as volume of 1 unit is 2m<sup>3</sup>. Therefore it makes sense to compare not prices per unit, but prices per m<sup>3</sup>. 

Since the market is player-driven, ore and mineral prices are ever-changing, hence miners should always check the market for the most efficient ore/mineral to mine for. Websites like [https://ore.cerlestes.de/index.html Cerlestes ore table] can look up the current market prices for ores and minerals, and give you a recommendation on which ores are the most profitable. Remember to double-check the prices that any automated tools give you - they will often use regional averages to determine mineral prices; if you plan to sell your goods at a specific station or hub then your priorities might come out differently. Lastly, most expensive types of ore are typically assotiated with most dangerous [[Asteroids and ore#Asteroid distribution|parts of New Eden]] so you might want to limit yourself to safer areas.

Once you have chosen a type of ore, you will want to maximize the mining yield over time. This involves choosing what [[Mining Ships|ship]] to mine in, what [[ORE Basic Ship and Skill Overview#Fitting strategies and mining modules|modules]] to fit to it, and what [[Mining#Skills|skills]] to train; see those links for more details. 

Do not forget to include [[Hauling]] time into your profitability computations. There may be different strategies involving [[Compression]] or lack of such, [[Refining]] ore or selling it in raw form, selling locally or in [[Jita]], hauling yourself or paying someone to do it.

=== Compression ===
[[File:Rorqual.jpg|thumb|The Rorqual, backbone of null-sec mining operation, released with a signature ability known as the ore compression, which is now available to Orca and Porpoise too.]]
{{main|Compression}}
Raw ores are very large items and they take a lot of cargo space to haul. The compression offers to convert raw ore into compressed ore which allows to save valuable cargo-space, extended operation time for mining fleets, and more hauling capabilities for haulers. There are two ways of compression: visiting an Upwell Structure with Reprocessing Service online which is available to you, or using a nearby Industry Command Ship with a compressor activated.

=== Mercoxit mining ===
Any ore mining module can mine any type of ore, with one exception: Mercoxit, the [[Asteroids and ore#Ore variants|rarest ore type]] (and only source of Morphite minerals), which is found only in [[System security#Null security|nullsec]] systems and can only be mined with Deep Core mining modules (any module with "deep core" in its name). In order to use these modules you need to train {{sk|Deep Core Mining|icon=yes}}, and whilst they can be used to mine other types of ore, they are less efficient at it than "normal" mining modules.

Mercoxit mining has one other notable feature: when you mine a Mercoxit asteroid, it will randomly release a cloud of toxic gas which will damage your ship if you're caught in it. Fortunately, the cloud only forms within 5&nbsp;km of the asteroid, so keep your ship further away to escape any damage (note that this precludes you from using the basic Deep Core Mining Laser I module, as it has a maximum range of only 5&nbsp;km). Additionally, you can train {{sk|Deep Core Mining|icon=yes}}, which reduces the chance of a cloud forming by 10% per skill level - in other words, at {{sk|Deep Core Mining|V}}, only half the amount of clouds will spawn when you mine Mercoxit.

=== Ice and gas harvesting ===
In addition to ore, ice and gas can also be harvested. While the actual harvesting mechanics are fairly similar, the ships, equipment, and locations differ significantly from mining ore. ''(Further details can be found in [[ice harvesting]] and [[gas cloud harvesting]].)''

== Ships ==
{{main|ORE Basic Ship and Skill Overview}}
There are three types of ships used in mining: a mining ship, a hauler and a mining support ship.

=== Mining ships ===
[[File:Venture.jpg|thumb|The [[Venture]], an entry-level dedicated mining frigate.]]
The best option for a new miner is to train into the [[Venture]], a dedicated [[Outer Ring Excavations|ORE]] mining frigate (before the [[Expansions#Retribution|Retribution expansion]], each race had its own mining frigate, but this is no longer the case). The Venture is given out for free by the industrialist career agents. The Venture is a mini mining barge with a substantial mining hold (which minimizes travel to stations to unload ore), very good [[mining yield]] and built-in warp core stabilization (which makes it easier to escape from hostile ships).

After a week's training, a budding miner should have the necessary skills to fly a mining barge, which have more than double the mining yield of a Venture, as well as even larger mining holds and/or a stronger tank. These ships are also more expensive (15-40M ISK, plus modules), but given that a Venture can mine about 500-700k ISK worth of ore per full mining hold, this money is soon earned. There are three different mining barges, each with a different focus (see table below).

The last word in mining ships are the [[exhumer]]s (Tech II variants of the mining barges). These ships require many more skills to fly, and are even more expensive, but have even greater mining yield, mining hold space and/or [[tank]] than the mining barges. Additionally, miners can train into the [[Prospect]] and the [[Endurance]], improved variants of the Venture which are designed for covert mining in dangerous areas of space and ice mining, respectively.

Before the Retribution expansions, players often used cruisers or battleships as mining ships, but these ships are no longer competitive with mining barges and exhumers.

=== Haulers and support ships ===
A hauler's purpose is to take the ore that has been mined from a mining ship and transport it back to a refining station or to the market. [[Hauling]] is normally done in an [[hauler]] or a [[freighter]].

Finally, a mining support ship can either come in the form of a security detail against rats and players looking to steal ore, or as a ship designed to provide mining efficiency bonuses. The ultimate mining support ships are the [[Orca]] and [[Rorqual]], of which only the [[Orca]] can enter high-security space and fit through normal stargates.

{| class=wikitable style="width:85%"
|- style="background: var(--background-color-warning-subtle);"
! Ship Type 
! Ship 
! Use
|-
| '''Frigate'''
| [[Venture]]
| Low yield, tank and mining hold compared to specialized ships. Greater agility and speed. Is cheap and takes minimal training.
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''Expedition Frigate'''
| [[Prospect]]
| Improved (but much more expensive) variant of the Venture. Can fit a Covert Ops cloaking device and Ice Miners. 
|-
| [[Endurance]]
| Specialized version of the Venture, bonuses towards ice mining.  
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''Mining Barge''' 
| [[Procurer]] 
| Specializes in defense ([[shield tanking|shield tank]] and drone damage).
|-
| [[Retriever]] 
| Specializes in mining hold capacity.
|-
| [[Covetor]] 
| Specializes in ore yield.
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''Exhumer''' 
| [[Skiff]] 
| Specializes in defense (shield tank and drone damage).
|-
| [[Mackinaw]] 
| Specializes in mining hold capacity.
|-
| [[Hulk]] 
| Specializes in ore yield.
|-
| '''Support''' 
| [[Command Ships]] 
| Can fit [[Command Bursts]] modules and provide security.
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''Industrial Command Ship''' 
| [[Porpoise]] 
| Cruiser sized ship, bonuses towards [[Command Bursts]], has considerable cargo room, can compress asteroid ore and gas for self and fleet member.
|-
| [[Orca]] 
| Battleship sized ship, bonuses towards [[Command Bursts]], has considerable cargo room, can compress all types of ore for self and fleet member.
|-
| '''Capital Industrial Ship''' 
| [[Rorqual]]
| Capital ship, cannot enter in high-sec, bonuses towards [[Command Bursts]], can compress all types of ore for self and fleet member.
|}

== Skills ==

'''Basic skills '''
* {{sk|Mining|mult=yes}}: +5% ore mining yield per level.
* {{sk|Astrogeology|mult=yes}}: +5% ore mining yield per level; requires {{sk|Mining|IV}}.

These skills are the bread and butter of any miner and should be trained up to level IV reasonably quickly (primarily for the increased mining yield, but {{sk|Mining|IV}} in particular is a prerequisite to many other mining-related skills). However, note that these skills only increase the yield for ore mining!


'''Specialty mining skills '''
* {{sk|Ice Harvesting|mult=yes}}: Required for [[Ice Mining]]. 5% reduction in cycle time per level.
* {{sk|Gas Cloud Harvesting|mult=yes}}: Required for [[Gas cloud harvesting]]. Allows use of one gas cloud harvester per level. Note that the skillbook is very expensive (about 30M ISK)!
* {{sk|Deep Core Mining|mult=yes}}: Required for mining Mercoxit (a rare type of ore, only found in [[nullsec]] or [[wormhole]]s).

These skills are only relevant if you want to expand from basic ore mining to Mercoxit, ice, or gas cloud harvesting.

'''Asteroid Ore reprocessing skills'''
* {{sk|Simple Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to veldspar, scordite, pyroxeres, plagioclase and mordunium reprocessing yield.
* {{sk|Coherent Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to omber, kernite, jaspet, hemorphite, hedbergite and ytirium reprocessing yield.
* {{sk|Variegated Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to gneiss, dark ochre and crokite reprocessing yield.
* {{sk|Complex Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to bistot, arkonor, spodumain, eifyrium and ducinium reprocessing yield.
* {{sk|Mercoxit Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to mercoxit reprocessing yield.
* {{sk|Abyssal Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to bezdnacine, rakovene and talassonite reprocessing yield.

'''Moon ore reprocessing skills'''

* {{sk|Ubiquitous Moon Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to all ubiquitous moon ore reprocessing yield.
* {{sk|Common Moon Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to all common moon ore reprocessing yield.
* {{sk|Uncommon Moon Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to all uncommon moon ore reprocessing yield.
* {{sk|Rare Moon Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to all rare moon ore reprocessing yield.
* {{sk|Exceptional Moon Ore Processing|mult=yes}}: +2% per skill level to all exceptional moon ore reprocessing yield.

These skills are important if you wish to reprocess your own ores, and they unlock access to [[mining crystals]] which massively boost mining yield when fitted to appropriate mining harvester modules.

'''Spaceship command skills '''
* {{sk|Mining Frigate|mult=yes}}: Needed for the [[Venture]].
** {{sk|Expedition Frigates|mult=yes}}: Needed for the T2 hulls [[Prospect]] and [[Endurance]].
* {{sk|Mining Barge|mult=yes}}: Needed for the [[Procurer]], [[Retriever]], and [[Covetor]].
** {{sk|Exhumers|mult=yes}}: Needed for the T2 hulls [[Skiff]], [[Mackinaw]], and [[Hulk]].
* {{sk|Industrial Command Ships|mult=yes}}: Needed for the [[Porpoise]] and [[Orca]].
* {{sk|Capital Industrial Ships|mult=yes}}: Needed for the [[Rorqual]].

In addition to letting you fly the mentioned ships (which only needs level I), training higher ranks of these skills greatly enhance their respective ships. For instance, the Venture gains +5% mining yield per level of the Mining Frigate skill - which is on top of the bonuses provided by {{sk|Mining}} and {{sk|Astrogeology}}! So if you've found a ship you like, train the corresponding spaceship command skill to make it even better.


'''Upgrade module skills'''
* {{sk|Mining Upgrades|mult=yes}}: Required for fitting and using Mining Upgrades. Requires Mining III.

As mining lasers and mining upgrades are CPU-hungry, training {{Sk|CPU Management}} will make it easier to fit your ship.


'''Drone skills '''
* {{sk|Drones|mult=yes}}: Increases number of drones in space by 1 per level, for a maximum of five drones in space at level V.
* {{sk|Drone Interfacing|mult=yes}}: Increases drone damage and mining drone yield by 10% per level. Requires Drones V.
* {{sk|Mining Drone Operation|mult=yes}}: Increases mining drone yield by 5% per level. Requires Drones I.
* {{sk|Mining Drone Specialization|mult=yes}}: Further increases mining drone yield by 2% per skill level and unlocks T2 mining drones.

Mining ships use drones both for defense and increased mining yield. The Drones skill is the foundation skill and should be eventually trained up to V (once you start flying Exhumers it's highly recommended, and valuable even before). To use drones defensively, train up {{Sk|Light Drone Operation}}, whilst mining drones need Mining Drone Operation. Drone Interfacing is somewhat of a long train, but even getting it to level IV makes a big difference in how effective your drones are. Advanced Drone Avionics is only needed if you plan to use ECM drones, and the drone specialization skills are needed when you start using Tech II drones. For more details on how drones work, see [[drones]].


'''Fleet Support skills '''
* {{sk|Leadership|mult=yes}}, {{sk|Wing Command|mult=yes}}, and {{sk|Fleet Command|mult=yes}}: Increases Command Burst area of effect.
* {{sk|Mining Foreman|mult=yes}}: Increases duration of Mining Foreman Command Bursts. Requires {{sk|Leadership|I}}.
* {{sk|Mining Director|mult=yes}}: Increases the strength of Mining Foreman Command Bursts. Requires {{sk|Mining Foreman|V}}.
* {{sk|Command Burst Specialist|mult=yes}}: Reduces reload time for Command Burst modules. Requires {{sk|Leadership|V}}.

These skills become highly desirable once pilots start flying Orcas or Rorquals, and want to run mining fleets (and provide mining boosts to your fleet members). For more details on how fleets and Command Bursts work, see [[Command Bursts]].


'''Other skills'''
* Almost all the mining ships are shield tanked, so [[Tanking#Shield skills|shield tanking skills]] are useful to make them less vulnerable to [[gank]]ing.
* General [[Fitting ships|fitting skills]] will improve the PG and CPU output of your ship allowing better fits.

If you are still short on CPU, {{sk|Electronics Upgrades}} allow you to fit co-processor modules (which increase your ship's CPU further). Mining upgrade modules increase your mining yield, while drone augmentor rigs increase the yield of mining drones.

== Implants ==
A number of implants can improve a miner's performance, such as increasing mining yield, increasing laser range, or decreasing the CPU penalty for mining upgrade modules. For details on these implants, see [[implants]] and [[Skill Hardwiring|skill hardwiring implants]] ("Industry" implants).

== Mining strategies ==

=== Bookmarks ===
[[File:Asteroid-belt-bookmarks.png|thumb|250px|An example of mining bookmarks in an asteroid belt]]
When you warp to an asteroid belt, you will land in the middle of a [[Asteroids and ore#Asteroid belts|semicircle of asteroids about 50&nbsp;km in diameter]]. Since the (unboosted) range of mining lasers is only 10&nbsp;km (15&nbsp;km for strip miners), you will then need to fly closer to your target asteroid in order to mine it - and mining ships are not particularly known for their speed. You can cut down on this travel time by using [[bookmarks]], which allow you to warp directly next to an asteroid, and start mining immediately. If you're using [[Drones#Mining Drones|mining drones]], it's particularly important to be close to your target asteroid, as the drones have to otherwise spend a lot of time traveling back and forth between your ship and the asteroid.

It can be helpful to create bookmarks in the asteroid belts you mine in frequently. While there are many different approaches to creating these bookmarks, the picture on the right shows a simple example: warp to an asteroid belt in a fast ship (e.g. a [[shuttle]] or a [[frigate]]), and create three bookmarks along the perimeter of the belt. Position them in such a way that most of the belt is within 15&nbsp;km (the range of a strip miner) of any of the three bookmarks. Then, switch to your mining ship, and warp directly to one of the three bookmarks. You will then have a large selection of asteroids within range of your lasers, and be able to efficiently use mining drones on the closest ones. If a part of the belt is depleted, warp to a nearby celestial (e.g. a planet) and then warp back to one of the other bookmarks in the belt.

When mining in NULL sec space it is extremely important to create a couple of tactical bookmarks around the asteroid/ice belt that you should warp to first. When you are in a large mining ship the align and warp speed can mean that hostile pilots can appear in local and beat you to the belt before you get there. By warping to the tactical bookmark first you are giving yourself a chance to warp away to a safe spot or station before the hostile pilot can get a lock on you.

=== Survey scanner ===
[[File:Survey_scanner.jpg|thumb|250px|The results of a survey scan. Note the different kinds of asteroid which make up this asteroid belt, and the different amounts of ore in each.]]
The survey scanner (a mid-slot module) is a very useful tool for any asteroid miner, as it shows how much ore each asteroid in the vicinity contains. This is important, as asteroid mining modules (mining lasers and strip miners) will always complete an entire cycle (60s for mining lasers, 180s for strip miners), irrespective of how much ore is actually left in the asteroid.

For instance, say you are mining an asteroid that contains 200 units of Veldspar (Veldspar has a volume of 0.1&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> per unit, so this asteroid contains 20&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> of Veldspar). Your Mining Laser I has a yield of (say) 100&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/min, and a cycle time of 60 seconds. Even though there are only 20&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> of Veldspar left in the asteroid, the module will complete its entire 60 second cycle before shutting off (with a message saying "the asteroid is depleted") - but those 60 seconds of mining only yielded 20&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> of ore (instead 100&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>)! The problem becomes even worse when using strip miners, as they have a much higher yield and a cycle time three times as long - which can result in a lot of wasted time if you're mining asteroids that don't contain much ore.

Therefore, when mining, refresh the survey scanner window from time to time (it does not refresh automatically, you need to reactivate the survey scanner module) to check whether the asteroid(s) you are mining are close to depletion. If an asteroid is almost empty, you can "[[Mining Yield#Short cycling|short cycle]]" your mining laser (i.e. turn it off manually before it completes its full cycle, by clicking on it) to mine out the last dregs of ore before moving on to another asteroid. Note that each time you activate your mining laser it takes energy from your ship's [[capacitor]]; activate it too often and you might empty your capacitor and have to wait a moment for it to recharge.

You can [[Targeting|target]] asteroids directly from the survey scanner window (much like the asteroids in the overview); this can be a useful shortcut to help you mine the particular asteroid you're interested in. A little marker shows you which asteroids you are targeting (note that, just like the rest of the information, this is only refreshed when you refresh the survey scanner window).

==== Appraising an Asteroid Belt ====
Survey scanners can be used to provide the approximate value of an asteroid belt with the help of 3rd party appraisal tools. This activity is relatively easy when in a fleet that provides range bonuses to Survey Scanner. Without range boosts an estimate can be done by scanning one area of the belt at a time and removing duplicate asteroid entries before submitting.

'''Steps to get an estimate'''
# Move into a position where the Survey Scanner range-indicator overlaps all the asteroids to be appraised
# Perform Survey Scan by clicking on the module's icon or appropriate hotkey
# Expand any category of ore in the Survey Scanner Results window that is collapsed (ores in collapsed categories do not get copied)
# Copy the results from the Survey Scanner Results window:
## Click on any item in the window to select it
## Press {{Button|CTRL}}+{{Button|A}} to select all items
## Press {{Button|CTRL}}+{{Button|C}} to copy
# Submit the values into a 3rd party appraisal tool like [https://janice.e-351.com/ Janice]
Buy values in Jita or one of the other [[trade hubs]] would be the closest estimate to actual returns from an immediate sale of the ore.

====Avoiding threats====
Nowhere in EVE is safe as soon as you undock your ship. You consent to PvP no matter where you go as soon as you undock.

=====Highsec=====
In highsec, the main threat will be suicide gankers. Suicide gankers typically act in groups, trying to find vulnerable and/or valuable mining ships and attempting to destroy them before Concord shows up. Then a neutral pilot will come in and scoop the remains of your wreck. You're less likely to have your pod destroyed, as doing so hits the offending pilot with a large security standing penalty, but it can still happen, so warping out immediately is recommended.

Popular ganking ships include:
* Catalyst: Most popular suicide ganking ship. Relatively inexpensive and good DPS.
* Coercer: Often used to take down ships with sturdy shields due to decent amount of EM damage which shields are usually weaker to.
* Talos: Usually used against big and/or tanky targets due to its high DPS against larger ships. Relatively expensive compared to other options.

To avoid suicide ganking:
* Equip your mining ships with defensive modules. The more EHP your ship has, the more ships it takes for a group of suicide gankers to take down your ship. It also makes it less financially motivational for them to attack you.
* Don't equip expensive faction or officer modules on your ship. This makes you a juicy target by increasing the financial incentive to suicide gank your ship. T2 modules are more than appropriate for most needs.
* Mine further away from trade hubs, as this makes it less likely for a suicide ganker or a scout to spot your ship in the first place.
* Don't mine while away from the keyboard. Dock if you must leave the keyboard unattended.
* Set negative standings for known suicide ganker pilots/corporations/alliances. If you see someone or a group appear in local with negative standings, dock up as soon as possible.

Other threats:
* If you're enrolled in faction warfare, then the opposing faction can freely attack you with no consequences, even in highsec as long as you are enrolled.
* If your corporation is at war with another corporation, the hostile corporation can freely attack you with no consequences for the duration of the war. This is more rare nowadays since corporations need a structure to be war eligible and the practice of holding corporations for structures pretty much voids this risk.
* ♢ pirates can appear in asteroid belts if there is a pirate stronghold present in the system. These rats can call other ♢ combat rats as reinforcements that can disrupt/scram your warp drive. You can check the presence of a pirate stronghold using your directional scanner.
* ♢ NPC miners can appear in asteroid belts. If you have low enough standings to the NPC corporation, they'll be hostile to you and call combat ♢ NPCs as reinforcements that can disrupt/scram your warp drive. You can warp out safely as soon as you spot them, but delaying will likely result in you losing your ship.
* Normal NPC pirates aren't much of a threat, but with enough time they can potentially destroy your ship (depending on fittings) and assist pilots in destroying your ship. Drones can take care of them easily.
* Triglavians can be a problem if you have no/low standings with them. EDENCOM similarly can be an issue if your standings are low enough.

=====Lowsec=====
In lowsec, pretty much anyone can attack you for a relatively small standing penalty (Concord won't intervene). Gate and station guns will shoot at pilots that attack you unprovoked, but they can be tanked and thus not be a good deterrent. Gate camps are fairly common. Smartbombers can be an issue if you use smaller ships. You'll often see people deploy covert cynos to drop a group of enemy pilots on you.

Avoiding ganks:
* Definitely use the directional scanner to gather intel on locals and spot threats.
* Learn the locals. Find out who attacks other people unprovoked and ships they typically use. Find out who snitches your position too if it happens.
* Equip a cloaking device and try to mine on the opposite side of the asteroids, with enough distance so you can immediately cloak in case someone appears in the system.
* Stay away from systems near highsec, as these have a lot of traffic and you can easily be scouted.
* Avoid popular paths through lowsec, for the same reasons as above. Best to pick dead-end systems off the main travelled paths.
* Mine while nobody is present in the system, or only if you're sure the locals are of no threat to you. If someone shows up, cloak or dock.
* Don't leave wrecks hanging around as their presence can betray your purpose in the system. If people see wrecks in an asteroid belt or ore anomaly, they can think you're there mining and persist in trying to find you. Either salvage or destroy them.
* Try to be wary of where people are and were in the system. People can log out in a belt and login later to catch you unaware.

Avoiding gate camps:
* Use third-party utilities to find gate camps. Note that these third party tools won't have knowledge of gate camps if you're the first person to encounter one.
* Alternatively you can check ship/pod kill statistics for systems in your route.
* If you have an alt, you can make them jump ahead of you to spot gate camps.

Other threats:
* Normal NPC pirates start fielding destroyers up the battleships the lower the security of the system descends.
* Mordu Commanders can rarely spawn in the asteroid belts and can warp disrupt.
* Clone Soldiers can rarely spawn in the asteroid belts.
* Triglavians can be a problem if you have no/low standings with them. EDENCOM similarly can be an issue if your standings are low enough.

=====Sovnull=====
Mining in sovnull is usually done if you've the backing of the sovereignty holder or its allies. Hostiles will usually be neutral pilots or enemies of your sovereignty holder. Warp disrupting bubbles can be deployed.

Sovnull systems are lawless, so there is no consequence for attacking another pilot.

=====NPC null=====
Warp disrupting bubbles can be deployed.

NPC null systems are lawless, so there is no consequence for attacking another pilot.

Other threats:
* Normal NPC pirates can show up in battleships or more lethal ships.

=====Wormholes=====
In wormholes, other pilots aren't shown in local unless they have recently sent a message. The only way to spot other players is to use the directional scanner, or if they appear in your grid. Warp disrupting bubbles can be deployed.

Wormholes are lawless, so there is no consequence for attacking another pilot.

Other threats:
* Sleepers typically spawn once per day in each ore anomaly after 20 minutes or so of the first pilot entering the site for that day. In higher classes of wormholes, sleepers can warp disrupt/scram. Once the sleepers have been destroyed, they do not respawn until the next day (after the maintenance).

=====Pochven=====
In the Pochven regions, other pilots aren't shown in local unless they have recently sent a message. The only way to spot other players is to use the directional scanner, or if they appear in your grid.

Other threats:
* Triglavians can be a problem if you have no/low standings with them. EDENCOM similarly can be an issue if your standings are low enough.

== Solo mining ==
[[File:Hulk.jpg|thumb|The Hulk: sucking asteroid belts dry since 2003]]

=== Mining hold mining ===
The most basic way to mine is to fill the mining hold of a ship full of ore and then return to a station to drop it off. Its advantages are that it requires only one character, can be done at very low skill levels and is completely theft-proof. Its disadvantage is that the time you spend traveling to and from a station is wasted (i.e. not spent mining) - however, most mining ships (with the notable exception of the [[Covetor]] and the [[Hulk]]) have large enough mining holds that they do not need to return frequently to a station to unload.

As an example: An average-skilled miner flying a [[Venture]] can mine about 250&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/min of ore, which is enough to fill the Venture's mining hold (5000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>) in about 20 minutes. Given that the Venture aligns and warps like a frigate, round trips to a station will take only a minute or two, so very little time is lost. A highly-skilled miner flying a [[Hulk]], on the other hand, can mine about 1600&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/min of ore, which will fill the Hulk's mining hold (11,500&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>) in about 7 minutes, requiring frequent return trips to a station (made longer by the slow align time and warp speed of the Hulk).

(Note: Prior to the [[Expansions#Retribution|Retribution expansion]], cargohold mining was very unprofitable, as the cargo holds of non-industrial ships were so small that they filled up too rapidly. However, with the introduction of dedicated mining holds on all mining ships, this is no longer the case.)

=== Jetcan and GSC mining ===
Players can jettison items from their holds into space, which results in a cargo container (more commonly called a "[[jetcan]]" or just a "can") forming within 2,500 m of the ship. This jettisoned container has a volume capacity of 55,000&nbsp;{{m3}}. Miners can take advantage of this capacity by transferring the ore in their mining hold into the jetcan. Typically a player will fill a jetcan with ore, and then (once the jetcan is full) swap to a ship with a larger mining/cargo hold (most often an [[hauler]]) and haul the ore to a nearby station.

If you're flying a mining ship with a mining hold that's considerably smaller than a jetcan (such as a [[Venture]] (5,000&nbsp;{{m3}} mining hold) or a [[Covetor]] (9,000&nbsp;{{m3}} mining hold)), this method can increase your efficiency, as you can spend more time mining and less time hauling. As all other mining ships have mining holds which are as large or larger than a jetcan (in addition to the time lost in changing ships and the risk of getting your ore stolen), using jetcans is probably not worth your time. They do, however, come in very handy if you're [[#Dual account mining|mining with two accounts]] or in a [[#Mining fleets|fleet]] (see below).

Note that jetcans only have a lifespan of 2 hours and they are not secure, meaning [[Can flipping|anyone can open and remove items from a jetcan]]. This is a common form of theft and griefing in the game, where a player will "flip" a jetcan either to steal the ore or to induce a fight without [[CONCORD]] intervention. While it's possible to combat this by using secure containers (which can be programmed with a password), the largest of these (the giant secure container, often called a GSC) can only hold 3,900&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> of ore, which is less than the mining hold on even the smallest mining ship (although using them was a commonly-used practice in the past when mining ships had much smaller cargo holds). 

A better alternative to GSCs are [[Mobile structures#Mobile Tractor Unit|mobile tractor units]]. They have nearly as much capacity as a jetcan, are unable to be accessed by random people, and have a decay of 2 days. They also suck in and store any ore a miner might jetcan into a safer place. A mining barge can store 3 MTUs and deploy them for a temporary total of 81,000m<sup>3</sup> of extra space. This allows for a large amount of time to be saved from station mining, as a miner instead of having to dock up can just jetcan the ore to be stored for later.

=== Dual account mining ===
If you have two EVE accounts, you can [[multiboxing|multibox]] them (i.e. play them on one computer simultaneously). One of these can mine while the other one flies a [[hauler]] to drop the mined ore at a nearby station. The miner transfers the mined ore into a jetcan or a GSC (see above) which is then picked up by the hauler. This way, the miner can mine non-stop, obtaining more ore. Eventually, the hauler character could train towards an [[Orca]] (to provide mining boosts to the miner, further increasing yield), while the miner character is free to train and fly ships like the [[Hulk]], which have very high mining yield but small mining holds.

See [[Creating an Alt Hauler]] and [[Creating an Alt Miner]] for tips on creating these [[alternate characters]].

== Cooperative mining ==
{{main|Mining Fleets}}
[[File:Orca.jpg|thumb|The Orca: the easiest way to make yourself loved by miners.]]

A standard mining fleet in [[System security#High security|high security space]] generally includes a mix of mining barges, exhumers, and haulers. The miners will work on a single belt constantly and transfer the ore they mine into a jetcan. The haulers will ferry the resources from space to a station. This makes for increased proficiency as the mining lasers never need to stop unless you need to switch belts. Fleet boosters are usually present here as well, and an [[Orca]] may be used instead of a jetcan. Mining fleets in low-sec will also include combat ships to protect the fleet against rats and hostile players.

=== Splitting the ISK ===
Since all the ore is combined into a single pot (and often refined and sold later), you need to agree on a method of splitting the proceeds from the mining fleet between the participants. Since a fleet often includes not only miners with different skill levels flying different ships, but also fleet boosters, haulers, combat ships etc, the simplest way to split the ISK proceeds is to allocate them based on time spent in the fleet; however, this might discourage larger ships from joining the fleet. Various spreadsheets or web applications such as [https://eveminingfleet.ovh/ eveminingfleet.ovh] can accommodate several different methods of weighing the contributions of fleet members. Whichever way you choose, make sure that the method of splitting the ISK is agreed upon by the fleet before the mining op starts.

=== Mining fleets in the Uni ===
Periodically, the Uni will undertake a large-scale, long-duration mining operation. These expeditions are planned and announced several weeks in advance to allow for adjustment of training schedules, acquisition of desired ships and fittings, and research/scouting of the target system and surrounding space. Because of the travel involved and the length of planned stay, expedition locations generally provide opportunities for mission/complex running as well.

The Expedition Boss for a particular expedition will publish the rules for that expedition, including record keeping requirements for any Common Can portions, rules for interaction with locals and what happens to the ore mined.

Such fleets are often run to donate minerals to the University, with the added bonus of attempting to break the record for the previous donation fleet.

Mining fleets are generally more relaxed than combat fleets, co-operative mission running or [[Combat_sites#DED_rated_complexes|complex clearing]]. Chat and/or [[Mumble]] deal with a wider variety of topics and separating the required tasks to specialists provides everyone time to participate in the conversations. Not only does this atmosphere provide a social element of connection with the other members, but it also lets the "teaching" move beyond mining to cover a myriad of subjects.

== See also ==
* [[Ice harvesting]] and [[gas cloud harvesting]]: The other two kinds of mining
* [[Refining]]: What to do with all the ore you just mined
* [[Orca Guide]]
* [[Mining aligned]]: a technique that sets you up to make a quick getaway if you need to
* [[Perfect mining|Perfect Mining]]: Maximize your mining speed after learning the basics

== External links ==
* [https://www.fuzzwork.co.uk/blueprint/ Fuzzworks blueprint Calculator]
* [https://www.fuzzwork.co.uk/ore/ Fuzzworks ore table]
* [https://ore.cerlestes.de/index.html Cerlestes ore table]
* [https://greedygoblin.blogspot.com/p/why-was-i-ganked.html greedygoblin - mining safety tips from a ganker]
* [https://eveminingfleet.ovh EVEMiningFleet]

== References ==
<references />

{{Mining Links}}

[[Category:Mining| ]]
[[Category:Industry]]